My work on this site is cost research, not veterinary practice. Specifically, I maintain the per-breed cost dataset, build and document the calculation model, apply and review the regional pricing multipliers, and write the breed-level cost analysis. When I cite an external statistic, I link it to the original publisher with its sample size and date on our methodology page.
Everything published here is a planning estimate built from a documented model. I do not run owner surveys or clinic panels, and I do not present this site's figures as original survey research.